Use and safety of enteral nutrition protocols in acute care: A scoping review of literature and retrospective audit of practice.

AIM: Standardised enteral nutrition protocols are recommended in critical care, however their use and safety are not well described in other inpatient populations. This mixed methods study reports on the use and safety of enteral nutrition protocols for non-critically ill adults. METHODS: A scoping review of published literature was conducted. In addition a retrospective audit of practice at an Australian tertiary teaching hospital with an existing hospital-wide standardised enteral nutrition protocol was performed. Data on use, safety and adequacy of enteral nutrition prescription were collected from medical records for patients receiving enteral nutrition on acute wards (January-March 2020). RESULTS: Screening of 9298 records yielded six primary research articles. Studies were generally low quality. Published literature suggested that protocols may reduce time to enteral nutrition initiation and goal rate, and improve adequacy of nutrition provision. No adverse outcomes were reported. From the local audit of practice (105 admissions, 98 patients), enteral nutrition commencement was timely (median 0 (IQR 0-1) days from request; goal rate: median 1 (IQR 0-2) days from commencement and adequate (nil underfeeding), without prior dietitian review in 82% of cases. Enteral nutrition was commenced per protocol in 61% of instances. No adverse events, including refeeding syndrome, were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Most inpatients requiring enteral nutrition can be safely and adequately managed on enteral nutrition protocols. Evaluation of protocols outside of the critical care setting remains a gap in the literature. Standardised enteral nutrition protocols may improve delivery of nutrition to patients, whilst allowing dietitians to focus on those with specialised nutrition support needs.

Influence of traditional Chinese medicine nursing protocols for diabetes mellitus on frailty and self-management level of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the effects of traditional Chinese medicine nursing protocols for type 2 diabetes mellitus on the level of frailty and self-management in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, so as to provide new ideas for intervention of diabetic frailty and improvement of self-management.Methods:From January 2021 to June 2021, the 100 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the department of Endocrinology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine were treated with the traditional Chinese medicine nursing protocols for type 2 diabetes mellitus issued by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine using the quasi experimental research method. General information questionnaire, Tilburg Frailty Indicator(TFI), Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA), Chinese-Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale(C-DMSES) and the effect evaluation scale of traditional Chinese medicine nursing protocols for diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes mellitus) were investigated on 1 to 2 days after admission, at discharge, 3 months after discharge and were analyzed by t test, analysis of variance, SNK test. Results:The TFI scores of patients were (4.90 ± 2.44), (3.89 ± 1.99), (3.43 ± 2.22) points, the SDSCA scores were (41.31 ± 14.30), (57.90 ± 12.73), (52.33 ± 12.71) points, the C-DMSES scores were (128.99 ± 32.18), (154.69 ± 25.43), (141.27 ± 27.86) points, the effect scores of traditional Chinese medicine nursing protocols for type 2 diabetes mellitus were (13.40 ± 6.02), (6.98 ± 5.04), (5.01 ± 3.96) points at 1-2 days after admission, discharge, and 3 months after discharge, there were statistically significant differences among different time periods ( F values were 11.14-72.50, all P<0.05). The fasting blood glucose and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose of patients were (9.28 ± 3.51), (7.16 ± 1.66), (7.24 ± 1.76) mmol/L and (14.93 ± 4.22), (10.28 ± 4.83), (10.30 ± 2.25) mmol/L at 1-2 days after admission, discharge and 3 months after discharge, and the differences were statistically significant ( F = 21.02, 37.55, both P<0.05). Conclusions:The implementation of traditional Chinese medicine nursing protocols for type 2 diabetes mellitus can delay the degree of frailty of type 2 diabetes mellitus, improve the level of self-management of patients, help patients control blood glucose, with good traditional Chinese medicine nursing effect, worthy of clinical application.

External Jugular Vein Peripheral Intravenous Catheters: An Emergency Nurse's Guide.

Insertion of a peripheral intravenous catheter into the external jugular vein is regularly performed in emergency departments to treat patients with difficult intravenous access. Although emergency nurses are experienced in inserting peripheral intravenous catheters, there is an inconsistent practice and a lack of education and training regarding the insertion of catheters in the external jugular vein. This manuscript provides a practical guide for emergency nurses to care for patients who require an external jugular peripheral intravenous catheter. Key information found in this manuscript includes indications for external jugular intravenous access, the nurse's role in performing external jugular peripheral intravenous catheters, and clinical considerations when caring for patients with an external jugular peripheral intravenous catheter.

Amputação por complicações do diabetes: protocolo de cuidados de enfermagem / Amputation due to complications of diabetes: nursing care protocol / Amputación por complicaciones de la diabetes: protocolo de atención de enfermería

RESUMO Objetivo Construir e validar um protocolo de cuidados de enfermagem à pessoa amputada por complicações diabéticas. Métodos Pesquisa metodológica realizada em Recife-PE entre fevereiro de 2019 a outubro de 2020, compreendendo as seguintes etapas: 1) Fase teórica: revisão integrativa da literatura; 2) Fase de construção; 3) Validação por especialistas; 4) Validação pelo público-alvo. Na validação por especialistas, foi utilizado o Índice de Validação de Conteúdo. Na validação do público-alvo, fez-se uso do Índice de Concordância. Resultados Os itens inclusos no instrumento perpassam pelas seguintes dimensões do cuidar: Biológica; Psicológica e Socioeducacional. A validação pelos juízes contou com 13 especialistas. O instrumento apresentou índice de 0,94. A validação pelo público-alvo contou com 33 participantes, todos os itens receberam índice de concordância ≥ 80%. Conclusão O protocolo possibilita um cuidar integral, humanizado, incentivando a autonomia e auxiliando a reabilitação, permite a reflexão a respeito da individualização dos cuidados de enfermagem.

ABSTRACT Objective: to produce and validate a Nursing care protocol for people amputated due to diabetic complications. Methods a methodological research study conducted in Recife-PE between February 2019 and October 2020, comprising the following stages: 1) Theoretical phase: integrative literature review; 2) Production phase; 3) Validation by specialists; and 4) Validation by the target population. The Content Validity Index was used in the validation by specialists. The Agreement Index was employed in the validation by the target population. Results the items included in the instrument permeate the following care dimensions: Biological, Psychological and Socio-educational. Validation by the evaluators was in charge of 13 specialists. The instrument presented an index of 0.94. Validation by the target population was conducted with 33 participants; all the items achieved an agreement index ≥ 80%. Conclusion the protocol enables comprehensive and humanized care, encouraging autonomy and assisting in rehabilitation; it also allows for a reflection regarding individualization of Nursing care.

RESUMEN Objetivo producir y validar un protocolo de atención de Enfermería para personas amputadas por complicaciones diabéticas. Métodos investigación metodológica realizada en Recife-PE entre febrero de 2019 y octubre de 2020, por medio de las siguientes etapas: 1) Fase teórica: revisión integradora de la literatura; 2) Fase de producción; 3) Validación a cargo de especialistas; y 4) Validación a cargo de la población objetivo. En la validación a cargo de especialistas se empleó el Índice de Validez de Contenido. En la validación a cargo de la población objetivo se recurrió al Índice de Concordancia. Resultados los ítems incluidos en el instrumento corresponden a las siguientes dimensiones de la atención: Biológica; Psicológica y Socioeducativa. En la validación a cargo de los evaluadores participaron 13 especialistas. El instrumento obtuvo un índice de 0,94. En la validación a cargo de la población objetivo hubo 33 participantes y todos los ítems alcanzaron índices de concordancia ≥ 80%. Conclusión el protocolo permite ofrecer atención integral y humanizada, lo que fomenta la autonomía y ayuda en la rehabilitación, además de hacer posible una reflexión con respecto a la individualización de la atención de Enfermería.

Risk for corneal injury in intensive care unit patients: A cohort study.

AIM: To identify the incidence and risk factors for corneal injury amongst critically ill patients. METHOD: A prospective cohort study with adult patients from one intensive care unit in Northern Brazil. Logistic regression was performed to predict the risk factors associated with corneal injury. RESULTS: Data from 149 patients revealed 18.8% (28/149) corneal injuries. Factors independently associated with corneal injury were patients with eyeball exposure (OR: 27.31; 95% CI: 3.50-212.78); lagophthalmos (OR: 17.15; 95% CI: 5.78-50.85); chemosis (OR: 7.39; 95% CI: 2.28-23.97), periorbital oedema (OR: 7.99; 95% CI: 2.19-29.13) and hospitalisation >7-days (OR: 11.96; 95% CI: 3.27-43.66) had a significantly higher risk of developing corneal injury in this ICU. CONCLUSION: Corneal injury was a common complication amongst critically ill patients and was associated with altered physiological function of the eyes such as exposure, lagophthalmos, chemosis and periorbital oedema. This study suggests introduction of a corneal injury prevention protocol for nursing and adding lagophthalmos and chemosis to the NANDA-I Taxonomy, thus contributing to the assessment and monitoring for the risk for corneal injury in critically ill patients.

Triage Nurse-Ordered Testing in the Emergency Department Setting: A Review of the Literature for the Clinician.

BACKGROUND: In an effort to decrease length of stay (LOS) and reduce overcrowding, many emergency departments (ED) have implemented triage nurse-ordered testing. STUDY OBJECTIVES: To review the medical literature to determine the utility of triage nurse-ordered testing and to offer evidence-based recommendations to emergency physicians. METHODS: A systematic search of the PubMed literature was performed for publication in English from inception to November 30, 2019 using a combination of the following keywords: "triage," "nurse," "protocol," and "emergency." The articles were screened for relevance and the selected studies were subjected to detailed review by all of the authors and assigned a grade of evidence based on focus, research design, and methodology. Recommendations were drawn from the findings. RESULTS: The initial search yielded a total of 982 potentially relevant studies; 13 articles were ultimately selected for inclusion. Of these, 10 studies assessed ED LOS, with one study assessing time to diagnosis. The three remaining studies compared triage nurse-ordered testing with physician testing in the ED setting. CONCLUSIONS: Triage nurses have reasonably similar accuracy as physicians in ordering limb x-ray studies and moderate accuracy for laboratory testing. However, we did not identify a clinically meaningful decrease in ED LOS from the use of nursing triage orders.

Perspectivas da enfermagem sobre o protocolo da sepse materna: análise à luz da teoria da complexidade / Perspectivas de enfermería en el protocolo de la sepsis materna: análisis a la luz de la teoría de la complejidad / Nursing perspectives on the maternal sepsis protocol: Analysis from the complexity theory

Objetivo: analisar as perspectivas da equipe de enfermagem sobre a implementação do protocolo da sepse materna à luz da teoria da complexidade. Método: estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa fundamentada no pensamento complexo de Edgar Morin. Foi realizada entrevista individual com 13 profissionais de enfermagem que atuam no setor obstétrico, entre julho e agosto de 2017, em um hospital do Nordeste, Brasil. Resultados: evidenciaram-se dificuldades na identificação adequada da sepse materna, atraso no início do antibiótico, falta de comunicação entre categorias profissionais e no alinhamento de condutas, o que prejudica a linha de cuidado à paciente obstétrica com sepse. Conclusões: há perspectiva positiva quanto à empregabilidade do protocolo; no entanto, evidenciamse fragilidades com a necessidade de novas reflexões acerca da complexidade dos cuidados implementados, do papel dos profissionais e da comunicação dentro da equipe de saúde.

Objetivo: analizar las perspectivas del personal de enfermería sobre la implementación del protocolo de sepsis materna a la luz de la teoría de la complejidad. Método: estudio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo basado en el pensamiento complejo de Edgar Morin. Se realizaron entrevistas individuales con 13 profesionales de enfermería que trabajan en el sector obstétrico, entre julio y agosto de 2017, en un hospital del noreste de Brasil. Resultados: se apuntaron dificultades en la identificación adecuada de la sepsis materna, retraso en el inicio de los antibióticos, falta de comunicación entre las categorías profesionales y una alineación de las conductas, lo que afecta la línea de atención de pacientes obstétricas con sepsis. Conclusiones: existe una perspectiva positiva en cuanto a la empleabilidad del protocolo; sin embargo, las debilidades son evidentes, con la necesidad de nuevas reflexiones sobre la complejidad de la atención implementada, los roles profesionales y la comunicación dentro del equipo de salud.

Objective: To study the perspectives of nursing staff on the implementation of maternal sepsis protocol from complexity theory. Method: Descriptive study with a qualitative approach based on Edgar Morin's Complex Thought. individual interviews were conducted, between July and August 2017, with 13 nursing professionals working in the obstetric area at a hospital in northeast Brazil. Results: Difficulties in adequate identification of maternal sepsis, delayed antibiotic initiation, lack of communication between professionals, and a weak alignment of conducts were observed, issues that impair the line of care for obstetric patients with sepsis. Conclusions: There is a positive perspective regarding the use of the protocol. However, some weaknesses are evident, establishing the need for new reflections on the complexity of the implemented care, professional roles, and communication within the health team.

Validação de protocolo de enfermagem para avaliação e diagnóstico de retenção urinária no adulto / Validation of urinary retention evaluation nursing protocol and nursing diagnosis in adults / Validación del protocolo de enfermería para la evaluación y el diagnóstico de la retención urinaria en adultos

Enquadramento: Nas situações em que o doente tem manifestações de retenção urinária (RU), nem sempre o exame físico é conclusivo, recorrendo o enfermeiro, frequentemente, a cateterismo urinário, incorrendo o doente a riscos associados a esta intervenção, como a infeção do trato urinário. Objetivo: Validar o conteúdo de um protocolo de enfermagem de avaliação e diagnóstico de RU no adulto, com recurso à ultrassonografia vesical, para utilização pelos enfermeiros portugueses. Metodologia: Estudo metodológico, com a opinião de peritos através da técnica Delphi e do Modelo de Fehring adaptado ao contexto cultural. Resultados: Obteve-se a validação do protocolo na primeira ronda da técnica Delphi, com a participação de 42 peritos (IVC = 0,90). Na segunda ronda da técnica Delphi, com 26 peritos, objetivou-se aperfeiçoar o protocolo (IVC = 0,88). Conclusão: A validação do presente protocolo representa um incremento no conhecimento em enfermagem. Considera-se que o instrumento é um suporte teórico e prático, promotor da qualidade dos cuidados de enfermagem.

Background: In situations where the patient manifests urinary retention (UR), the physical examination is often inconclusive. Consequently, urinary catheterization is often the alternative procedure, leading to risks associated with this procedure for the patient, like urinary tract infection. Objective: To validate the content of a nursing protocol for the evaluation and diagnosis of UR in adults, with the support of the bladder scan, for use by Portuguese nurses. Methodology: Methodological study, with the opinion of experts through the Delphi technique and the Fehring Model, adapted to the cultural context. Results: Validation of the protocol was achieved in the first round of the Delphi technique, with the participation of 42 experts (CVI = 0.90). The second round of the Delphi technique, with 26 experts, aiming at improving the protocol, obtained a CVI = 0.88. Conclusion: The validation of this protocol represents an improvement in nursing knowledge. The instrument is considered a theoretical and practical means to support the promotion of nursing care quality.

Marco contextual: En situaciones en las que el paciente tiene episodios de retención urinaria (RU), el examen físico no siempre es concluyente. El enfermero utiliza a menudo el sondaje urinario, una intervención que conlleva riesgos asociados para el paciente, tales como infección del tracto urinario. Objetivo: Validar el contenido de un protocolo de enfermería de evaluación y diagnóstico de la RU en el adulto, para lo cual se recurrió a la ecografía vesical, con el fin de que lo utilicen los enfermeros portugueses. Metodología: Estudio metodológico, con la opinión de expertos a través de la técnica Delphi y del Modelo Fehring adaptado al contexto cultural. Resultados: La validación del protocolo se obtuvo en la primera ronda de la técnica Delphi, con la participación de 42 expertos (IVC = 0,90). La segunda ronda de la técnica Delphi, con 26 expertos, tuvo como objetivo perfeccionar el protocolo (IVC = 0,88). Conclusión: La validación del presente protocolo supone un aumento de los conocimientos de enfermería. Se considera que el instrumento es un apoyo teórico y práctico para promover la calidad de la atención de enfermería.

Adherence to standard nursing protocols on nasogastric tube feeding in a secondary referral hospital in Ghana: comparing self-ratings by professional and auxiliary nurses.

BACKGROUND: Data on nurses' adherence to standard protocol on nasogastric (NG) tube feeding remain scanty in Ghana even though patients in critical medical conditions are routinely managed using this procedure. This study explored self-rated adherence to standard protocols on NG tube feeding among professional and auxiliary nurses and the perceived barriers impeding compliance to these standard protocols. METHODS: This is a descriptive analytical cross-sectional study among professional (n = 89) and auxiliary (n = 24) nurses in a major referral hospital in one of the ten administrative regions in Ghana. Four-point Likert scale was used to ascertain the level of adherence to standard guidelines on nasogastric tube, ranging from 4 "Very large extent" to 1 "Very little extent". Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test and univariate ordered logistic regression tests (proportional odds models) were performed to determine the odds of higher self-ratings among professional and auxiliary nurses. RESULTS: Overall, the odds of higher self-ratings on adherence to standard nursing protocols on NG tube feeding was higher among auxiliary nurses than professional nurses (OR = 2.76, p = 0.031) after adjusting for age, gender, education and years of work experience. Key barriers to adherence to standard protocols on NG tube feeding were: limited opportunities for in-service trainings and insufficiency of NG tube feeding protocols on the wards. CONCLUSION: There is the need for more routine in-service trainings for nursing staff to update their knowledge on NG tube feeding. Hospital management should also make current nursing protocols available to nurses to guide their practice alongside routine onsite supervision of nurses.

Development of Lower Extremity Lymphedema Nursing Practice Protocol for Patients Following Gynecologic Cancer Treatment

PURPOSE: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the lower extremity lymphedema nursing practice protocol for patients following gynecologic cancer treatment. METHODS: Thirteen web-sites were searched for eligible clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) and eleven databases were searched to identify evidence to develop a lower extremity lymphedema nursing practice protocol for patients following gynecologic cancer treatment. RESULTS: Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight CPGs and ninety-six studies, two guidelines and eight studies were identified as evidence. The protocol development group consisted of ten experts who have at least five years' experience in the related area. A lower extremity lymphedema nursing practice protocol for patients following gynecologic cancer treatment was developed including forty-three recommendations in five domains. Significant differences were found in nurses' pre and post knowledge and confidence on lower extremity lymphedema prevention and management. CONCLUSION: Nurses and other professionals could utilize this evidence based lower extremity lymphedema nursing practice protocol and apply it to patients undergoing gynecologic cancer treatment.

Protocolos de enfermagem: motivação e metodologia no processo de construção compartilhada / Nursing protocols: motivation and methodology in the shared construction process / Protocolos de enfermería: la motivación y la metodología en el proceso de construcción compartida

Objetivo: entender a motivação e as estratégias metodológicas de construção compartilhada de protocolos de enfermagem. Método: estudo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa, utilizando análise documental, em 2016.As fontes foram os documentos dos processos de construção dos protocolos arquivados no Conselho Regional de Enfermagem do Rio de Janeiro (COREN-RJ). Utilizou-se a análise temática de conteúdo de Bardin. Aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética da instituição, Parecer 1.508.499.Resultados: a análise apontou como fator facilitador do processo de construção de protocolos: a motivação dos profissionais envolvidos, as estratégias metodológicas de construção coletiva, adequação dos protocolos às necessidades regionais, e participação dos enfermeiros da gestão e da assistência propiciando reflexão e contribuindo para maior segurança nas ações dos enfermeiros na atenção básica. Conclusão: a construção coletiva, a adequação dos protocolos às realidades regionais e a troca de experiências foram apontadas pelos entrevistados como fatores motivacionais para o estudo, a reflexão e a incorporação de mudanças às práticas de cuidado.

Objectives: to understand the motivation and methodological strategies for shared construction of nursing protocols. Method: qualitative, descriptive study using documentary analysis. The sources were the protocol construction process documents filed with Rio de Janeiro Regional Board of Nursing. Thematic content analysis was used. The study was approved by the ethics committee (Protocol #1.508.49). Results: the analysis indicated that the factors facilitating the protocol construction process were: the motivation of the professionals involved, the methodological strategies for collective construction, the protocols' being suited to regional needs, and nurses' participation in management and care, facilitating reflection and contributing to safer actions by nurses in primary care. Conclusion: interviewees pointed to collective construction, adaptation of protocols to regional realities, and exchange of experience as factors motivating study, reflection and introduction of changes in care practices.

Objetivos: entender la motivación y las estrategias metodológicas de construcción compartida de protocolos de enfermería. Método: estudio descriptivo de enfoque cualitativo, utilizando análisis documental, en 2016. Las fuentes fueron los documentos de los procesos de construcción de los protocolos archivados en el Conselho Regional de Enfermagem do Rio de Janeiro. Se utilizó el análisis temático de contenido. Estudio aprobado por el Comité de Ética de la Institución, en conformidad con el dictamen #1.508.499. Resultados: el análisis apuntó como factor facilitador del proceso de construcción de protocolos: la motivación de los profesionales involucrados, las estrategias metodológicas de construcción colectiva, la adecuación de los protocolos a las necesidades regionales y la participación de los enfermeros de la gestión y de la atención, propiciando reflexión y contribuyendo para mayor seguridad en las acciones de los enfermeros en la atención básica. Conclusión: la construcción colectiva, la adecuación de los protocolos a las realidades regionales y el intercambio de experiencias fueron apuntadas por los entrevistados como factores motivacionales para el estudio, la reflexión y la incorporación de cambios a las prácticas de cuidado.

Assistência aos portadores de úlcera crônica: validação de protocolo / Assistance to patients with chronic ulcer: protocol validation / Asistencia a los pacientes con úlcera crónica: validación de protocolo

Objetivos: validar um protocolo de enfermagem para a assistência a pessoas com úlcera crônica respaldado na NANDA, NIC e NOC e verificar o índice de concordância de enfermeiros expertise em úlcera crônica. Método: descritivo com abordagem quantitativa, que será realizado via e-mail através da emissão de dois formulários, o primeiro contendo a identificação do perfil dos especialistas e o segundo será o protocolo de assistência a pessoas com úlceras crônicas. A população deverá ser composta por um grupo de juízes especialistas na temática. A coleta de dados será realizada mediante a aplicação da Técnica Delphi e posteriormente, serão tabulados e analisados através do índice Kappa e o índice de validade de conteúdo. O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, CAAE: 35030514.3.0000.5243. Resultados esperados: disseminar o uso das classificações de enfermagem, como meio de padronizar a linguagem, a partir da utilização de um protocolo de úlceras crônicas contemplando todas as etapas do Processo de Enfermagem.(AU)

Objectives: validating a nursing protocol for care to people with chronic ulcer supported in NANDA, NIC and NOC and checking the concordance index of expert nurses in chronic ulcer. Method: descriptive with quantitative approach, which will be conducted via email through emission of two forms, the first containing the identification of the profile of the experts and the second will be the care protocol to people with chronic ulcers. The population should be made up of a group of expert judges on the theme. Data collection will be accomplished by applying the Delphi technique and latter will be tabulated and analyzed using the Kappa index and the index of content validity. The research project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, CAAE: 35030514.3.0000.5243. Expected results: spread the use of nursing classifications as a means of standardizing the language, from the use of a protocol of chronic ulcers covering all stages of the nursing process.(AU)

Objetivos: validar un protocolo de enfermería para la atención a las personas con úlcera crónica apoyados en la NANDA, NIC y NOC y comprobar el índice de concordancia de las enfermeras expertas en la úlcera crónica. Método: es un estudio descriptivo con enfoque cuantitativo, que se llevará a cabo por correo electrónico a través de la emisión de dos formas, la primera contiene la identificación del perfil de los expertos y la segunda será el protocolo de atención a las personas con úlceras crónicas. La población debe estar compuesta por un grupo de jueces expertos en el tema. La recogida de datos se llevará a cabo mediante la aplicación de la Técnica Delphi y, posteriormente, se tabularon y analizaron utilizando el índice de validez Kappa y el índice de validad de contenido. El proyecto de investigación fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en la Investigación, CAAE: 35030514.3.0000.5243. Resultados esperados: difundir el uso de las clasificaciones de enfermería como un medio de normalización de la lengua, de la utilización de un protocolo de úlceras crónicas que cubren todas las etapas del Proceso de Enfermería.(AU)

Case study research.

This article describes case study research for nursing and healthcare practice. Case study research offers the researcher an approach by which a phenomenon can be investigated from multiple perspectives within a bounded context, allowing the researcher to provide a 'thick' description of the phenomenon. Although case study research is a flexible approach for the investigation of complex nursing and healthcare issues, it has methodological challenges, often associated with the multiple methods used in individual studies. These are explored through examples of case study research carried out in practice and education settings. An overview of what constitutes 'good' case study research is proposed.

Infectious disease outbreaks and increased complexity of care.

AIM: This study examined the effects of healthcare-associated infectious disease outbreaks on nurses' work in a large acute care hospital in Ontario, Canada. BACKGROUND: The incidence of healthcare-associated infections has increased. Previous research focuses on epidemiology, healthcare systems, and the economic burden of outbreaks. Few published studies focus on the impact of outbreaks on nurses' work in acute care facilities. INTRODUCTION: Since the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in 2003, combating infectious diseases has become a key issue. Hospitals have implemented measures related to healthcare-associated infections. However, nurses experience challenges in preventing, controlling, and contending with outbreaks. METHODS: A retrospective exploratory case study approach was used. Data were collected over a 4-month period in 2012. The incidence rates of site-specific HAIs were analysed, and individual interviews were held with 23 bedside nurses and five nurse managers. FINDINGS: Five themes emerged from the interviews: comparison of healthcare-associated infections outbreaks; the nature of nurses' work; impact of outbreaks on patient care; innovation and quality control in clinical practice; and increased and expanded IPAC measures. The incidence rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile and vancomycin-resistant enterococci at the study site decreased, but remained above provincial benchmarks. Nurses experienced workload challenges, time pressures and psychological effects stemming from outbreaks and developed various innovations in response. Patient care was also affected. CONCLUSION: Nurses' work has been impacted by healthcare-associated infectious disease outbreaks. Nursing workloads should be quantified to facilitate the development of guidelines for optimum nurse-patient ratio during outbreaks. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND/OR HEALTH POLICY: A strong evidence-based policy framework is required to address healthcare-associated infectious disease outbreaks. Infection prevention and control guidelines and procedures should be established provincially and nationally. An interdisciplinary approach is essential for the creation of comprehensive and innovative strategies. Nursing research has increased understanding of the implications of infectious diseases in hospitals. Building on the literature, findings from this study can be used to influence policies on the care of patients who have secondary infections. Nurse-driven protocols are important and can lead to the creation of best practice guidelines that can be implemented across settings.

Caracterização dos protocolos referentes a feridas: revisão integrativa / Characterization of the protocols related to wounds: an integrative review / Caracterización de los protocolos relacionados con heridas: una revisión integradora

Objetivo: analisar as produções científicas sobre a implantação de protocolos em unidades de atendimentos a portadores de feridas crônicas. Método: estudo exploratório-descritivo com abordagem quantitativa, realizado em março de 2014 por meio de formulário estruturado incluindo: base de dados, ano de publicação, tipo de pesquisa, hierarquia da evidência, forma de abordagem, idioma, etiologia da ferida, enfoque e abrangência do protocolo. Foram encontrados 10 artigos completos. Resultados: predominou o estudo exploratório-descritivo (30%), sem identificação da abordagem (60%), com nível de evidência 4 (60%), no ano de 2013 (30%), em português (80%), a etiologia da ferida que prevaleceu foi a úlcera por pressão (40%), sobre fatores de risco, Escala de Braden e eficácia das intervenções (30%). Conclusão: conclui-se que os protocolos deixaram de conceber um sistema de classificação de linguagem, que embasasse o processo de enfermagem, e assim, pudesse padronizar assistência de enfermagem.(AU)

Objective: analyzing the scientific production on the implementation of protocols in care units for people with chronic wounds. Method: a descriptive exploratory study with a quantitative approach was carried out in March 2014 using a structured form including: database, year of publication, type of research, evidence of the hierarchy, how to approach, language, wound etiology, focus and scope of the protocol. There were found 10 full articles. Results: predominated descriptive exploratory study (30%), without identifying the approach (60%), with evidence level 4 (60%), in 2013 (30%), in Portuguese (80%), etiology wound that prevailed was the pressure ulcer (40%) on risk factors, Braden scale and effectiveness of interventions (30%). Conclusion: it is concluded that the protocols failed to design a language classification system, which could base the nursing process, and so able to standardize nursing care.(AU)

Objetivo: analizar la producción científica sobre la aplicación de los protocolos en las unidades de cuidados para las personas con heridas crónicas. Método: es un estudio exploratorio descriptivo con enfoque cuantitativo, realizado en marzo de 2014 mediante un formulario estructurado que incluye: base de datos, el año de publicación, tipo de investigación, la evidencia de la jerarquía, la forma de abordar, el idioma, la etiología de la herida, el enfoque y el alcance del protocolo. Se encontraron 10 artículos completos. Resultados: predominaron estudio exploratorio descriptivo (30%), sin identificar el enfoque (60%), con nivel de evidencia 4 (60%), en 2013 (30%), en portugués (80%), la etiología herida que prevaleció fue la úlcera por presión (40%) sobre los factores de riesgo, la escala de Braden y efectividad de las intervenciones (30%). Conclusión: se concluye que los protocolos no lograron diseñar un sistema de clasificación de la lengua, que apoyase el proceso de enfermería, y así poder normalizar la atención de enfermería.(AU)

Aplicação de protocolo de prevenção de úlcera por pressão no contexto domiciliar: uma trajetória percorrida / Application of a protocol for prevention of pressure ulcers in the home context: a trajectory covered / Aplicación de protocolo de prevención de úlcera por presión en el contexto domiciliar: una trayectoria recorrida

A prevenção de úlceras por pressão é mais eficaz e economicamente viável que seu tratamento, para tal há protocolos padronizados e normativos. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência da aplicação de um protocolo de enfermagem para a prevenção de úlceras por pressão em idoso acamado no domicílio. Esta pesquisa dividiu-se em duas etapas: a validação de conteúdo por enfermeiras especialistas em estomaterapia e a validação clínica com pacientes idosos com risco de desenvolver esses agravos. Foi observado que o protocolo é válido e tem confiabilidade atestada nos aspectos revelados mais importantes para a população idosa que apresenta risco para adquirir úlcera por pressão.

The prevention of pressure ulcers is more efficient and economically viable than their treatment; hence there are standardized and normative protocols. This study's objective was to ascertain the influence of the application of a nursing protocol for the prevention of pressure ulcers in bed-bound older adults at home. This research was divided in two stages: the validation of content by specialist stomatherapy nurses and the clinical validation with elderly patients at risk of developing these risks to health. It was observed that the protocol is valid and that its reliability is attested in the aspects shown to be most important for the elderly population which is at risk for acquiring pressure ulcers.

La prevención de úlceras por presión es más eficaz y economicamente viable que su tratamiento. Para eso, hay protocolos tipificados y normativos. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la influencia de la aplicación de un protocolo de enfermería para la prevención de úlceras por presión en anciano encamado en domicilio. Esta investigación se ha organizado en dos etapas: la validación de contenido por enfermeras especialistas en estomaterapia y la validación clínica con pacientes ancianos con riesgo de desarrollar eses agravios. Se observó que el protocolo es válido y tiene confiabilidad testificada en los aspectos revelados más importantes para la población anciana que presenta riesgo de adquirir úlcera por presión.

Protocolo de assistência de enfermagem ao paciente em pré e pós-operatório de cirurgia bariátrica / Nursing care protocol to the patient before and after bariatric surgery / Protocolo de atención de enfermería al paciente antes y después de la cirugía bariátrica

Estudo do tipo metodológico e de inovação tecnológica, que objetivou construir um protocolo de assistência de enfermagem para o paciente em pré e pós-operatório de cirurgia bariátrica. O modelo de assistência proposto fundamentou-se na Teoria Geral do Autocuidado de Orem e foi organizado a partir dos requisitos de autocuidado (universais, de desenvolvimento e de desvios de saúde). Para cada requisito, são apresentados os diagnósticos de enfermagem, os resultados esperados e as intervenções de enfermagem, identificados em pesquisa envolvendo 31 clientes portadores de obesidade mórbida, assistidos no Ambulatório de Gastroenterologia de um hospital universitário, no período de abril a junho de 2009. Considera-se o desenvolvimento do protocolo um importante recurso para instrumentalizar as orientações prestadas pelos enfermeiros ao paciente bariátrico, visando ao autocuidado, além de dar subsídios para sistematizar a assistência de enfermagem a ser prestada.

This is a methodological study of innovative technology developed which aims to build up nursing care protocol to the patient in the pre and postoperative bariatric surgery. The proposed model of care was based on the General Theory Orem Self-Care and organized from the requirements of self-care (universal, developmental and health deviation). Within each requirement, it is presented nursing diagnoses, expected outcomes and nursing interventions that were identified in a survey conducted with 31 clients suffering from morbid obesity, assisted by the Gastroenterology Outpatient Clinic of a university hospital in the period from April to June 2009. The development of the protocol is considered an important resource both to organize the guidelines provided by nurses to the bariatric patient, aiming their self-care, and to provide subsidies to systematize nursing care to be provided.

Estudio del tipo metodológico y de innovación tecnológica desarrollado con el objetivo de construir un protocolo de asistencia de enfermería al paciente en pre y pos-operatorio de cirugía bariátrica. El modelo de asistencia propuesto fue fundamentado en la Teoría General del Auto-cuidado de Orem y organizado a partir de los requisitos de auto-cuidado (universales, de desarrollo y de desvíos de la salud). Dentro de cada requisito, son presentados los diagnósticos de enfermería, los resultados esperados y las intervenciones de enfermería que fueron identificados en investigación realizada con 31 clientes portadores de obesidad morbosa, asistidos por el Dispensario de Gastroenterología de un hospital universitario en el período de abril a junio de 2009. Se considera el desarrollo del protocolo un importante recurso para instrumentalizar las orientaciones prestadas por los enfermeros al paciente bariátrico, visando su auto-cuidado además de fornecer subsidios para sistematizar la asistencia de enfermería a ser prestada.

Protocolo de orientação para o autocuidado de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica: atuação do enfermeiro / Protocol for self-care of patients undergoing Bariatric Surgery: nurse s role

Atualmente a Cirurgia Bariátrica vem sendo considerada o tratamento mais eficaz para o controle da obesidade mórbida. Diante do aumento do número de cirurgias realizadas no país e da complexidade do cuidado do paciente obeso, o presente estudo teve por objetivo principal construir um Protocolo de Orientação para o autocuidado de clientes no pré e pós-operatório de cirurgia bariátrica, fundamentado na Teoria Geral do Autocuidado de Orem. Para o alcance desse objetivo, realizou-se uma pesquisa do tipo metodológica, constituída por quatro etapas: primeira fase: identificação dos indicadores empíricos para a demanda terapêutica de Autocuidado realizada por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre os cuidados de enfermagem ao paciente submetido à cirurgia bariátrica, a qual resultou na estruturação do formulário de coleta de dados, adaptado a Teoria do Autocuidado de Orem; segunda fase: determinação dos Déficits de Autocuidado (DAC) realizada através de um estudo exploratório e descritivo de abordagem quanti-qualitativa, com 31 clientes, sendo 26 candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica e 06 pacientes que estavam em pós-operatório, inscritos no Grupo de Cirurgia Bariátrica de um hospital de ensino, na cidade de João Pessoa-PB, no período de abril a junho de 2009. A coleta de dados possibilitou a identificação dos déficits de autocuidado e, consequentemente, dos diagnósticos de enfermagem, baseados na Taxonomia II da NANDA-I; terceira fase: desenvolvimento dos Sistemas de Enfermagem para os DAC identificados - foi elaborado o planejamento da assistência de enfermagem, com a determinação das metas, objetivos, método de ajuda, tipo de sistema e intervenções de enfermagem; quarta fase: estruturação do Protocolo de assistência de enfermagem e do Manual de orientação para o autocuidado do paciente em pré e pós-operatório de cirurgia bariátrica construído a partir das demandas de autocuidado identificadas.

Bariatric Surgery is currently being considered more effective treatment of morbid obesity. In the face of increased the number of surgeries performed in the country and the complexity of patient care, this study obeso was a main building guidance Protocol for the client self-care in the pre and post surgery Bariatric Surgery, substantiated in the General Theory of Orem self-care. The methodological kind of research was used and it is made up of four phases: first stage: identification of empirical indicators for therapy of self-care demand carried out through a systematic review of the literature on nursing care to the patient undergoes Bariatric Surgery, which resulted in the structuring of the data collection form, adapted the theory of self-care of Orem; second stage: determination of deficits of self-care (DAC) achieved through an exploratory study and descriptive qualitative approach, with the following-31 customers, being 26 Bariatric Surgery candidates and 06 patients wait were included in bariatric surgery group of a teaching hospital, in the city of João Pessoa PB, during the period from April to June 2009. Data collection has led to the identification of gaps of self-care and consequently to nursing diagnoses based on taxonomy Nanda-I; third stage: Nursing systems development for DAC identified-the nursing care planning, with the determination of the goals, objectives, aid method, type of system and nursing interventions; fourth stage:structuring of nursing care protocol and guidance for self-care patient pre and post surgery Bariatric Surgery constructed from self-care demands identified.